Hammond-Horn Study

The innovative Hammond-Horn study examined a varied group of subjects starting in 1952. Lifestyle and physical variables were used to prove that cigarettes, not air pollution or other environmental factors, cause lung cancer. Lifestyle variables included: exercise habits, level of education, urban and rural areas, and other severe illnesses (pictured below). In all, Dr. Hammond studied about 200,000 men aged fifty to sixty over a four year period, with 12,000 of those men dying. Lung cancer was the most common cause of death, and Hammond calculated that by smoking cigarettes, subjects were 24 times more likely to get lung cancer.
(click images to enlarge)

Controversial 1967 Study

Working alongside Dr. Oscar Auerbach, Dr. Hammond conducted a study using beagles to unquestionably connect cigarette smoke to lung cancer. The study attracted controversy because it purposefully inflicted disease on the dogs. However, Hammond knew the graphic value  of successfully inducing lung cancer in animals with smoking as the only variable factor.
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Picture
A dog pictured exhaling cigarette smoke during Dr. Hammond and Dr. Auerbach's study of the relation between cancer and smoking (Associated Press)